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1839.] 8:1 

THE CAPTURE OF LOUISBURG IN f tlTS . "'^ 

% , ' 

BV W I L LI AM '^BRl GH AM .£a^, ^'-'ij^s!" init*-' 

Among the remarkable events that distinguish the history of New 
England, there is none more interesting than the seige and conquest 
of Louisburg in 1745. In boldness of conception, and in its fortunate 
issue, it has no parallel in the history of the country, and hardiv in the 
history of the world. An event on which the very existence of New 
England seemed to depend, and which did so much to prepare the way 
for American independence, can never be regarded without interest. 
Strange it would be if we should forget what in that day every New 
England man called the most glorious of victories — what produced 
universal joy and thanksgiving throughout the land — what first taught 
us our own strength, and what gave the mother country some idea of 
the value and importance of her American colonies ! 

The island of Cape Breton, on which Louisburg is situated, consti- 
tutes, at present, a part of the Province of Nova Scotia. It is of tri- 
angular form, and about eighty leagues in circumference. Its western 
and northern shores are steep, rocky, and inaccessible, while its south- 
eastern is indented with beautiful bays and harbors, commodious and 
safe for ships of the largest size. Its soil is broken and barren, and 
during a considerable portion of the year the island is either inveloped 
in fog or locked up with snow and ice. ' Its entire population at the 
present time does not exceed 30,000 — most of whom are enoracred in 
the fisheries, and in the coal and lumber trade. 

There is nothing in the present appearance of the island which 
would give one unacquainted with its history any idea of its former 
importance, or which would account for the long continued struggle 
, J., between Great Britain and France for its possession. Indeed, when 
we compare its present appearance with the glowing descriptions of 
former times of its fertility, wealth, and resources, we are almost made 
to doubt whether it is to this barren and bleak island that those con- 
ceptions were intended to apply. They bear but little semblance to 
truth, and were undoubtedly jnade in reference to its political impor- 
tance at that time. 

Its whole value in former times was owing to the political relations of 
Great Britain and France, or rather of their colonies in North America. 
Cape Breton and Nova Scotia seem to have been the seat of contention 
between these two powers for a century and a half, and their inhabi- 

VOL. 11 — 16 



34 eAPTURK OP Lot'isncRG. [June, 

tants were sereral times compelled to take the oath of allegiance — 
sometimes to the one and sometimes to the other, till it became so 
uncertain to what nation they belonged that they were at length al- 
lowed the privileges of neulrality, and were commonly known as the 
neutral French. 

The location of these places, as will appear by an inspection of the 
map, must convince any observer that a possession of them at that time- 
would afford an immense advantage to either of the contending pow- 
ers — an advantage arising not from any inlernal resources, but as a 
means of effecting their ultimate designs. While France had posses- 
sion of the Canadas — the control of the navigation of the St. Laurence,, 
and was largely engaged in the fisheries — it was necessary for their 
security that she should also have possession of the islands in that 
neighborhood. The bays and harbors which they afforded were ne- 
cessary for the protection of her fishing vessels, her numerous priva- 
teers, and her increasing trade with Canada and the West Indies. 
The possession of these would render her dominions in North Ameri- 
ca safe, and enable her to accomplish her favorite plan of checking 
and restraining the growth and trade of the British American colonies. 
By the security which these places afforded, she was enabled to enlist 
and keep in her favor most of the northern and western Indians, and 
thereby extend her dominions not only through Canada and along the 
great lakes, but through the vast regions of the west, uniting her set- 
tlements in Canada with those on the Mississippi, and bringing both to 
an union of action to the forming of a barrier to the further extention 
of the English settlements. 

On the other hand, by the possession of these places Great Britain 
could defeat the ambitious designs of France, protect her own colonies, 
and secure her trade against the constant depredations of the enemy. 

This is the true reason why Nova Scotia and Cape Breton were for^ 
merly held in so high estimation — why millions of dollars were ex- 
pended in their defence — why the strong fortifications at Port Royal 
and Annapolis Royal, and Louisburg were built, and why they were so 
frequently made the seat of war. 

Of all the British American colonies none had so much reason to 
fear the ambitious designs of France as New England — none so much 
exposed — none so much engaged in the fisheries — and none so severely 
felt the depredations of the enemy on their commerce. No sooner was 
a war declared between Great Britain and France than the chief 
source of wealth at that time to New England was either cut off or 
put ia imminent hazard. Their ships were taken by privateers, and 






18^9.] CAPTUItB OF LOUlSBUiia. 35 

carriei! into French ports and judged lawful priz3 — iheir territory was 
invaded — their fortifications were attacked — their frontier settlements 
destroyed, and their own citizens were put to death, or carried into 
captivity. 

Under these circumstances there grew up a deadly hostility between 
the French and English colonists. The old enmity, which is said to 
be natural between England and France, seemed to have acquired 
new virulence by being transplanted. This was much increased on 
ihe part of the English by the successful efforts of the French in ac- 
quiring the friendship of the Indians, who always had more sympathy 
with the flexible Jesuit than the stern Puritan. These sons of tho 
forest, to the eternal disgrace of those who had their confidence, and 
who exercised over them a control, were always employed to act as 
pioneers in the work of death — to burn and desolate villages — to harass 
and distress the frontier settlements — to steal upon the innocent and 
unsuspecting inhabitants, putting them to death by the most inhuman 
tortures, or, what was perhaps still worse, carrying them into a bitter 
and hopeless captivity. 

The constant attacks of the Canadian French s.nd Indians upon the 
people of New England satisfied them that they had no security but in 
their suppression ; hence the conquest of the French settlements at 
at the north was always a favorite scheme — hence recruits for this 
purpose were always easily obtained — hence severe laws against Cath- 
olics were enacted, which are often adduced as evidence of bigotry, 
but which in fact, like many other things of that day, were desianed 
for the purposes of self-defence ; for it should ever be remembered, 
that to the people of New England, Catholicism and French perfidy 
were then identical. It was in this spirit that the expeditions against 
Nova Scotia in 1090 originated in Massachusetts, when to her great 
honor, by her own enterprize and resources, she was able to eflfect an 
important conquest, and enlarge His Mnjesty's dominions. 

It was not until after the close of Queen Ann's war that Cape Bre- 
ton began to assume an important character. While this island and 
Nova Scotia were both in the possession of the French, the preference 
for trade was given to Nova Scotia. At the treaty of peace in 1713, 
Nova Scotia was ceded to Great Britain, while Cape Breton was re- 
tained by France, and from that day no pains or expense were spared 
by the French Government in building and strengthening its fortifica- 
tions. At the southeasterly part of the island, at a place then known 
as the English harbor, they immediately commenced building a walled 
town, which, in honor of their King, they called Louisburg. The na- 



36 CAPTUKK OF LOiJisBURO. [June, 

tural position of the town was more favorable for defence than any 
other town in America. It was frequently called the '* Dunkirk of 
America," for a description of it, I use the words of Dr. Belknan — '* It 
was two miles and a lialf in circumference, fortified in every accessi- 
ble point witli a rampart of stone from thirty to thirty-six feel high, 
and a ditch eighty feet wide. A space of about two hundred yards 
was left without a rampart on the side next to the sea, and enclosed by 
a simple dike and pickets. The sea was so narrow at this place that 
it made only a narrow channel, inaccessable from its numerous reefs 
to any shipping whatever. On an island at the entrance of the harbor, 
which was only four hundred yards wide, was a battery of thirty can- 
non carrying twenty-eight pound shot, and at the bottom of the harbor 
directly opposite to the entrance, was the ground or royal battery of 
twenty-eight forty-two, and two eighteen pound cannon. On a high 
cliff opposite the island battery stood the light-house, and at the north- 
east part of the harbor was a magazine for naval stores. 

" The town was regularly laid out in squares. The streets were 
broad, and the houses were built mostly of wood and stone. The en- 
trance to the town was at the west gate over a draw-bridge, which was 
protected by a circular batterj of sixteen twenty-four pound cannon." 

These works had been twenty-five years in building, and, though 
not finished, had cost France not less than thirty millions of livres. 
It was in peace a safe retreat for the French ships bound homeward 
from the East and West Indies; and in war, a source of distress to the 
northern English colonies — its situation being extremely favorable for 
privateers to seize their fishing vessels, and interrupt their coasting and 
foreign trade, for which reasons the reduction of it is said to have been 
as desirable an object as that of Carthage ever was to the Romans. 

Such was the place that the people of New England proposed to 
take by surprize in 1745. It was perhaps as impregnable as nature 
and art could make it, and was probably considered as safe by France 
then as Gibralter is by the English at the present day. Its reduction 
was suggested and accomplished by a train of circumstances as re- 
markable as the event was glorious. It was very properly said by a 
writer of the day, that "if in this expedition any one circumstance 
had taken a wrong turn on the French side, it must have miscarried." 

France declared war against Great Britain on the 15th of xMarch, 
1744, and a declaration of a similar character was made by Great 
Britain a few days after, information of which did not arrive at Boston 
till the 31stof May, where two days after war was publicly proclaimed. 
By a fast sailing packet, the Commander of Cape Breton had heard of 



1839.] CAPTURE OF LOUISBURG. 37 

the war nearly three weeks earlier, and though expressly directed by 
his Governiricnt not to alarm the English colonies, yet thinking he 
could derive great advantage by surprising them, immediately made an 
attack on Conso, a small fishing town on the southeasterly part of Nova 
Scotia, which, being wholly unprepared, surrendered, and the inhabi- 
tants were carried prisoners to Louisburg, and" a large number of fish- 
ing vessels seized. Soon after he attacked Annapolis, which would 
have shared the sume fate, and with it all Nova Scotia, had it not been 
for the timely arrival of some troops from Massachusetts, which were 
fortunately sent there for the protection of the fort against the Indians. 

These f arly attacks awakened the colonies to a sense of their dan- 
ger. It soon became apparent that the safety of Nova Scotia, and 
perhaps all the English settlements in North America, depended on 
the conquest of Cape Breton. It was well known that France was 
making formidable preparations for carrying on the war the following 
year, end the colonists were satisfied that whatever was done must be 
done quickly. There was not a moment to lose. 

The prisoners taken at Conso in the spring and carried to Louis- 
burg had been exchanged, and returned to Boston in the autumn. 
From them an accurate account of the strength and fortifications of 
Louisburg was obtained, thus rendering a service to their countrymen 
not unlike that of the prisoners within the walls of Troy. From this 
account, Sir William Shirley, then Governor of Massachusetts, con- 
ceived the idea of taking the city by surptise early in the sprinor, and 
before any aid could be obtained from France. In this lie was sup- 
ported atid encouraged by a gentleman from New Hampshire named 
Vaughn, who was largely engaged in the fisheries, and who had re- 
ceived much information respecting the place from his own fisliermen. 
Vaughn has claimed t!ie honor of making the first suggestion of this 
to Shirley. Whether this be true or not it is now difficult to tell, but 
at any rate, he was a man of resolute character, and suggested seve- 
ral plans for carrying it into effect, one of which was to travel over the 
walls on the drifts of snow. 

Governor Shirley immediately wrote to the ministry requestincr aid 
the ensuing season without mentioning this particular expedition. — 
This he wished to keep a secret some time longer. 

To obtain the opinion of the General Court upon this subject, he 
early in January requested its members to lay themselves under an 
oath of secrecy to receive from him an important proposition. This is 
said to have been the first request of the kind ever made to a legislative 
body in the colonies. It was complied with, and he communicated his 



38 CAPTL'RK or LouisHURo. [J line, 

plan of attackincr Louisbur;^, and asked for their consent. This was 
kept a secret from the public for a niiniber of days, but it was at last 
discovered by an honest deacon, whose whole soul was so filled with 
the plan of the expedition that he inaiivertently made mention of it at 
his family devotions by praying for its success. The boldness of the 
proposal at first astonisKed every one. It was referred to a committee, 
who reported against it. This report, after some debate, was accepted 
by a considerable majority, and it was generally supposed that the 
subject was put to rest. 

The Governor, however, was not thus to be defeated. He let the 
subject remain a few days, when, through his own solicitation and in- 
fluence, a petition from a number of merchants in Boston favoring the 
plan, was presented to the General Court. This was referred to ano- 
ther committee, who reported in its favor. This report was argued 
two whole days, during which time its advocates set forth the prospect 
of its success, and the advantages Massachusetts would receive from it — 
the importance of immediate action, and the strong probability, and 
almost certainty, that they would be amply remunerated by Parliament 
when it was known to His Majesty what proofs of loyalty his American 
subjects had given. 

On the other side, it was argued with more plausibility, and with 
much greater reason, that the scheme was chimerical — that inexpe- 
rienced militia could never reduce so impregnable a fortress — that by 
reason of fogs and ice the island could not be approached at that sea- 
son of the year — that they should incur the displeasure of Parliament 
by such a rash undertaking — that the Province was exhausted by pre- 
vious campaigns, and if this was unsuccessful it would prove its utter 
ruin. 

The question was taken on the 26th of January, and the expedition 
was voted by a majority of a single vote — several members, who were 
known to be opposed to it, being absent. No sooner, however, was 
this done, than a degree of unanimity upon the subject generally pre- 
vailed, and those who had before opposed it, like true patriots, came 
forward and gave their aid to carry it into effect. Never were a peo- 
ple more enthusiastic, or entertained stronger hopes of success, than 
the people of Massachusetts at that time. Circular letters were imme- 
diately sent to the other colonies as far south as Pennsylvania, request- 
ing their assistance. One of these, Vaughn, the resolute friend, if not 
the author of the expedition, carried by express to Portsmouth, where 
the Assembly of New Hampshire were then in session. They at once 
voted to aid in the enterprise, and for that purpose proposed to raise 



1839.] CAPTVKB OP r.0LMdUUn7. ^0 

three hundred men, and to furnish the Province sloop. The only diffi- 
culty which they met with, was the want of funds to pay the expense ; 
but this was soon removed by issuing bills of credit — an expedient that 
was frequently adopted — though at this time contrary to the royal in- 
structions. 

Proclamation was soon made by Gov. Shirley, for raising the neces- 
sary forces, and means were taken for equipping the small fleet, then 
owned by the Province, for the purpose of convoying the troo|xs. The- 
Governor also sent to Commodore Warren, commanding the British 
fleet at the West Indies, requesting his aid. 

The enlistments were soon filled up, and the next important step' 
vras the appointment of a commander-in-chief. This was attended 
with some difficulty, as they were raw soldiers, taken from all the New 
England Provinces, and feeling, in some degree, a jealousy of each' 
others influence. The choice at length fell upoB William Pepperell, 
of Kiitery, then a Colonel of the malitia, and a merchant of good rep- 
utation, known extensively, both in Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
shire. A more judicious appointment could not have been made, for^ 
though a merchant, yet he possessed much of the military character and 
spirit so common in that day, and was well fitted to command a militia 
of his own countrymen, composed almost exclusively of agriculturists 
and mechanics. 

After he had been nominated to this office, and previous to its being 
confirmed by the General Court, Shirley, perhaps for the purpose of pay- 
ing Gov. Wentworth, of New Hampshire, an empty compliment, and 
perhaps enlisting him more heartily in the cause, addressed him a letter 
in which he says, " it would have been an infinite satisfaction to me, 
and done great honor to the expedition, if your limbs would have per- 
mitted you to take the chief command ;" undoubtedly supposing that 
the governor's gout would render such a proposition safe. But in this 
he was mistaken. Wentworth flung away his crutches and oflTered his 
services, and Shirley had the mortification, not only to make him a 
lame apology, but to tell him that any change in the command would 
hazard the expedition. 

Before accepting the appointment, Pepperell consulted the famous 
George Whitlfield, who was then travelling through New England, 
upon its expediency. Whitfield told him " he did not think the 
scheme very promising — that the eyes of all would be upon him — that 
if it should not succeed, the widows and orphans of the slain would re- 
proach him — and if it should succeed, many would regard him with 
envy, and endeavor to eclipse his glory — that he ought, therefore, to go 



40 CAPTURE OF LouisnuRn. [June, 

with a single eye, and then he would find his strength proportioned to 
his necessity." After some hesitation, he gave a motto for the flag, 
which was Nil despcrandum Christo duce, thereby giving the expedi- 
tion the air of a crusade. It is said that a large number of the fol- 
lowers of Whittfield enlisted, and as a proof of the religious feeling by 
which they were actuated, one of them, a clergymen, carried upon his 
shoulder a hatchet for the purpose of destroying the images in the 
French churches. 

Within eight weeks the provincial forces were raised, and the entire 
preparations for the expedition were made. The whole number of 
troops was about 4,300, of which Massachusetts raised 3,250, Connec- 
ticut 500, and New Hampshire and Rhode Island 300 each. None of 
the other provinces engaged in the enterprize, though New York lent 
ten eight-pound cannon, and Pennsylvania and New Jersey made con- 
tributions to defray the expenses. The naval force, and it was all, that 
New England could then furnish, consisted of only twelve ships, the 
largest of which was the Massachusetts Frigate which carried twenty 
guns. Of these Captain Edward Tyng, of Falmouth, was appointed 
Admiral. Captain Tyng had acquired great reputation by his having 
taken a French privateer the preceding year, for which exploit the mer- 
chants of Boston presented him with a silver cup weighing one hundred 
ounces, and bearing this inscription : 

"To Edward Tyng, Esq. commander of the smack. Prince of 
Orange, as an acknowledgment of his good service done the trade by 
taking the first French privateer on the coast the 24th of June, 1744 ; 
this plate is presented by several merchants of Boston, in New Eng- 
land." 

Some of these armed ships sailed as early as the middle of March, 
for the puipose of cruising before Louisburg, and seizing any of the 
enemy's ships that should attempt to enter that port. The rest of the 
fleet and the Massachusetts troops embarked on the 25th of March, at 
Nantucket — at that time the place where all such expeditions were fit- 
ted out. 

The original plan of the expedition, as communicated by Shirley to 
Wentworth, and as appears from the instructions given to general Pep- 
erell, do no great honor to the military skill, or the practical good sense 
of so enterprising a man. Its success was made to depend on things, 
that, if we reckon the possibility of chances, could never happen. For 
instance, the whole fleet, after sailing six hundred miles, was to appear 
before Louisburg at eight o'clock in the evening, and should land two 
miles below the town, which, it was supposed, would take till midnight ; 



1839.] CAPTURE OP LOUISDURG. 41 

four hours more were allowed for arranging the respective troops, and 
in preparations for scaling the walls and making an attack on the city, 
which was to be made as early as four o'clock, or the plan of surprise 
would be defeated. 

In this plan no calculation is made for adverse winds, which would 
disperse the fleet — for storms — for fogs— ice, or other impediments, but 
all were to arrive at a fixed hour — meet with no accident — go in unob- 
served, and to do the whole work in the darkness of the night. This 
was the plan of the bold projector, and had it been feasible, nothing 
could have been easier than victory. Perhaps it was no more absurd 
than various other plans that were then proposed. One was by a cler- 
gyman, who, to prevent disasters from subterraneous mines, proposed 
that two men should go in the night near the walls of Louisburg — that 
one should strike the ground with a beetle while the other should lay his 
ear to it for the purpose of discovering whether it was hollow, and if 
any places were suspected, to work them. 

Another made a model of what he called a flying bridge, which was 
to be constructed of light materials, so that twenty men could carry it 
on their shoulders, and erect it against any part of the wall. He sup- 
posed that the whole army could pass over it in twenty minutes, and 
that in this way they could get into the midst of the city before they 
were discovered. 

Another proposed to go over the walls by ladders, and agreeable to his 
plan a large number was made and carried in the expedition ; but as ill 
luck would have it, they were made about ten feet too short. 

Among other preparations, and as a proof of the strong hopes of 
success which all entertained, one of the officers provided himself with 
a dress which he intended to wear when the command of the town was 
given to him. 

The fleet, after a prosperous voyage of eleven days, arrived at Conso. 
It was impossible to enter Chopporouge bay, where they intended to 
land, on account of the ice. This continued to obstruct them for three 
weeks. On the day of tiicir sailing from Nantucket, Gov. Shirly re- 
ceived an answer from Commodore Warren, declining to aid in the ex- 
pedition, as it was an afl'air of the Province. This he wisely kept a 
secret for a time. 

The New Hampshire troops arrived at Conso four days earlier than 
those from Massachusetts, and those from Connecticut about twenty 
days later. Wliilethey were impatiently waiting here for the ice to be 
removed, to the great joy of the w hole army Commodore Warren ar- 
rived from the West Indies with his fleet. Just after his answer to 

VOL. M. — 17 



42r CAPTURE SF LOflSBURG, [•'^Ulie, 

Shirley declining aid, he received instructions from the ntiinistry to re- 
pair to Boston, uiid consult with Gov. Shirley for his Majesty's general 
serrice in America, and already knowing hi3 designs, and the impor- 
tance of immediate action, he sailed directly for Conso instead of first 
going to Bo'^ton. 

Such unexpected aid inspired the army with courage, and made them 
even more sanguine of success. The ice being removed, the whole 
army sailed for Louisburg on the 29th of April, a distance of sixty 
miles, whert* they intended to arrive in the evening, wishing so far to 
carry into effect the original plan of surprise. But the wind dying 
away, they did not arrive before the town until the fullowing morning 
at eight o'clock. This was the first notice thai the inhabitants'of Lou- 
isburg had of the intended invasion. They had discovered the crui- 
sers a number of days before, but supjjosed them to be privateers. 
This seems almost incredible, when we consider that the expedition 
had been publicly known in the colonies for three months, and that 
the army and fleet had been in sight of St. Peters, a town in Cape 
Breton, for three weeks. It is a fact that shows clearly how great a 
change has taken place within ninety years in the transmission of news^ 
and in our intercourse with ihe Canadian provinces. 

An alarm was immediately given frodi the tovt-n by the ringing of 
bells, and the discharge of cannon. A detachment of one hundred and 
fifty men was sent directly to prevent their landing. They were soon 
repulsed by the brave New Englanders, who made all possible dispatch 
in getting on shore, and landing their military stores. They landed at 
a place four or five miles below the city, and on the foliovying night 
the intrepid Vaughn, at the head of about four hundred soldiers, 
marched through the woods round ihe hills to the northeast part of the 
harbor, and burned the ware houses, containing a large quantity of 
naval stores, and slaved a great number of casks of wine and brandy. 
The wine carried the smoke from these burning buildings directly to 
the grand or royal battery, which was about a mile distant; and the 
garrison there, supposing that the whole army would soon be upoR 
them, spiked their cannon, threw their powder into a well, took down 
their flag, and fled. 

The next morning, Vaughn on his return in company with thirteen 
men, not knowing what was done, crept to the top of a hill which over- 
looked the gr.iud battery, for the purpose of learning something of its 
situation and strength. He was surprised to see that the flag was 
gone and that no smoke issued from the chimnies of the barracks. He- 



5839.] CAPTURF. OF LOUl-BURO. 43 

hired one of his party, a Cape Cod Indian, with a bottle of brandy, 
which he had in liis pocket, though his biographer tells us he never 
drank spirituous liquors, to creep into the fort and open the gate. — 
When this was done, and he had taken possession, he wrote Gen. Pep- 
perill in these words: " May it please your honor to be informed that 
by th;! grace of Goil, and the courage of thirteen men, I entered the 
royal battery about nine o'clock, an! am wailing f)r a reinforcement 
and a 9ag. " It was thought proper, however, to provide a substitute 
for a flag ht once, and accordingly one of the soldiers with a red ci>at 
in his teeth, mounted the flag stalf, and nailed it upon the top. The 
French soon discovered their mistake, and sent one hundred men in 
haste to retake the battery. Vaughn with his small band, and amidst 
the fire from the city, alone u[)on the open beach, resiled their landing 
for some time till he was reinforced, when the Fieuch retired and 
left the English in the undisputed possession of the battery. 

The acquisition of this battery afforded the New Englanders great 
advantage in their subsequent operations against the city. It not only 
deprived the Frenoli, of a strong hold, but afforded their enemies a 
place of security, and put into tlieir jjossession a number of large can- 
non, of which they were much in need, and which did great service 
during the siege. They found here twenty-eiirht forty-two pound can- 
non, beside a large number of balls, shells, and other munitions of war. 
It was from this plaoe that they made the most effectual attacks upon 
the island battery and the town. On the 7th of May a flag of truce 
was sent to the town with a summons to surrender, to which the com- 
tnander in-chief returned that, he had no answer to make but by the 
mouth of the cannon. 

After this it was determined to pursue the siege with greater vigor. 
The harbor was blockaded by the fleet, which was under the entire 
command of Com. Warren, and which had been firrther reinforced by 
the arrival of souje ships of war from England. The fleet had now 
become formidable, and were able to keep from the city all aid from 
abroad. It was still thought unsafe to enter the harbir on account of 
the strong fortress of the enemy on the island at its mouth. Under 
cover of the fog and in the night, other batteries were built by the 
New Englanders, very near the entrance to the town, wliich was sup- 
plied by cannon, which they dragged across a deep moruss, betbre sup- 
posed to be impassable. These cannon were put on sledges, and with 
straps over their shoulders, the men with incredible labor, sinking all 
(he time in the mud, got them over. 



44 CAPTURE OF LOVISBURG. [JunC, 

The 15(h of June being the anniversary of his majesty's accession to 
the throne, it was thought by the loyal troops that no higher mark of 
respect cohUI be shown their king than a new and more vigorous at- 
tack upon the town. Accordingly it was ordered to have a general 
discharge of cannon from all the batteries at 12 o'clock. This was 
done, and the fire continue 1 during the whole day, which resulted in 
the demolition of a part of the wall of the town, and the destruction of 
a portion of the island battery. This satisfied the French commander 
that he could not sustain the siege much longer. The next morning 
Duchomhon, sent a truce, requesting a suspension of hostilties, till he 
had time to consider the terms of capitulation. This was granted, and 
three days after, the 17th of June, just 30 years previous to the battle 
of Bunker Hill, this strong fortress, with its garrison of 2000 men were 
surrendered, and to the English was given undisputed possession. 

It is a well known fact, that many of those who fought here so 
valiantly for their country were found contending for the same 
cause at the battle of Bunker Hill. A service of thirty years had not 
damped their spirits or abated their ardor. Things had changed — a 
whole generation had passed away— yet they were spared, and feeling 
as they did, the same patriotic zeal, which burned in their bosoms 
while before the walls of Louisburg, it was their peculiar privilege to 
awain rally round the standard of their country at the opening of the 
Revolution, and to signify their' devotion to that cause by pouring out 
their blood. 

The whole loss of the enemy durmg the siege was about three hun-: 
dred; while that of the English did not e.xceed one hundred killed 
by the enemy, and thirty died of sickness. The surrender was proba- 
bly hastened by the exaggerated account which the French had receiv- 
ed of the strength of the English, and by the capture of the Vigilant, 
a Frenh ship of 64' guns a few days before ; which by depriving them 
of all hope of relief from abroad, threw dismay into the whole garrison. 
Thus after a siege of forty-nine days, this strong fortress, by the aid of 
the skilful and courageous Warren, fell into the hands of the New Eng- 
landers. Everything seemed to conspire for their success. The 
weather was unusually mild and pleasant — the army was free from sick- 
ness supplies came regularly at hand, their naval forces were unex- 
pectedly increased, and on all sides fortune was propitious. When 
they had entered the town and examined its walls, its batteries and for- 
tifications, none failed to express his surprise, at their success ^ind to 
feel in some degree alarmed at their rashness. One of the officers de- 
clared " that if the French had not giving up Louisburg they might 



1839.] cAPTunE OF locisuuro. 45 

have attempted to storm it with the same prospect of success, that the 
devils might have stormed heaven. " 

The siege was undoubtedly carried on in rather an irregular manner. 
Douglas compares it to a Cambridge commencement, with what degreo 
of truth it is now difficult to tell — though in its noise, bustle and frolics 
it might have borne some resemblance to that holiday, as it was once 
observed. Belknap tells us " that during the siege, some might bo 
found on duly at the trenches; others were racing, wrestling, and pitch- 
ing quoits, or running after shot from the enemy's guns, which were 
sent back to the city. Many of the enemy's balls were stopped by the 
soldiers before they had gone their distance. During the siege no less 
than 9000 cannon balls and six hundred shells were flung into the city ; 
a fact that proves that the sports in which they were engaged were not 
altogether idle, but such as became American soldiers, and such as 
will ever delight brave men, contending for the safety of their own 
firesides, and their country's political existence. 

No sooner was the surrender made, than a feeling of jealously be- 
canje apparent between Pepperill and Warren. It became a grave 
question to whom the key of the city should be delivered. Warren in- 
timated, if he did not claim superiority on account of his holding his 
commission from the English Government; while that of Pepperell 
was from the Province — a superiority, that was afterwards for the like 
reason frequently claimed by the British officers, and as often resisted 
by the Americans. Pepperell on the other hand was aware that the 
expedition originated in the colonies, and was carried on at their ex- 
pense, and that to them the honor was principally due, and therefore 
Jike a faithful servant he was determined to sustain their honor by 
taking command of the city. He accordingly wrote to Duchomhon, 
that he should send a colonel to take possession. This was before 
the terms of capitulation had been signed, and no doubt earlier than 
he had a right to give such notice, if he had complied strictly with the 
rules of war. This brought a reply from Warren, in which he tells 
Pepperill that he had taken an improper step, " and that he was sorry 
to find by his letter a kind of jealousy which he thought he could 
never conceive of him. This affair, however, passed off without any 
difficulty, and the key was delivered to Pepperill, who afterwards 
brought it to Boston. 

After the surrender a messenger was immediately dispatched to Bos- 
ton, informing the people of the glorious result. In the mean time 
General Pepperill thought proper to celebrate it by a public dinner 
given to the land and naval officers. All attended and with joyful and 



46 CAPTURE OF LouisBUKG. [June, 

thankf .1 henrts pariook of llie bi)Uiifies set before them. Previous to 
sitting down to the table — it being understood that the Rev. Samuel 
Moody, of York — Chaplain to Pepperili's regiment, would be called 
upon to crave a blessing — much anxiety was expressed, lest be should 
disgust the guests by a long and prolix performance, for which he was 
notorious; and it was even suggested to some of the friends of the rev- 
erend gentleman, that he should be informed that brevity would be 
acceptable. But they fearing his irritable^ temper kept silent. The 
time came, and all were happily disa[)pointed — for the chaplain, in- 
stead of following his usual course, performed his service in the most 
laconic manner, by saying with a feeling heart, in substance, that we 
had so many things to thank God for, that time would be infinitely too 
short to do it — we must, therefore leave it for the work of eternity. 

The news of this victory arrived at Boston on the third of July. The 
effects which it produced are well described in a letter from Doctor 
Chaney to Gen. Pepperill, dated the following day. He says the •* peo- 
ple of Boston, before sunrise, wereas thick about the streets as on an 
election day, and a pleasing joy visibly sat on the countenance of every 
man you met with. " 

"We had last night," he continues, '' the finest illumination I ever 
beheld with my eyes. I believe there was not a house in the town, in 
no by-way, lane or alley, but joy might be seen throuo;h its windows. 
The night was also made joyful by bonfires, fire-woiks and all other ex- 
ternal tokens of rejoicing. Besides this, an entertainment was given 
{o the peiiple — a thing not unusual in that day on occasions of public 
rejoicing. " Not long since 1 saw a bill paid by the State to the town 
of Boston for celebrating the reduction of Q,aebec by the English in 
17.59, and I mention it as showing the peculiaritie? of the times, 
which consisted of charges for a large number of tar barrels, and other 
combustible materials, that composed a great bonfire on Beacon hill. — 
Among these charges, was one item — " for 2S gallons of rum for the 
people. " The celebration of the victory at Louisburg being one of 
an extraordinary character, the people were regaled with wine, which 
was placed on the common, in open vessels, where every one could hel p 
himself, and drown his own sorrows in potent libations, drank for his 
country's honor. 

The 18ih of July was observed throughout the Commonwealth as a 
day of thanksgiving for this event; and if we may credit the accounts 
of the times, it was universally observed in a manner becoming a peo- 
ple who saw in it the hand of an overruling Providence. Dr. Prince 
preached a sermon on that occasion at the "Old South," which wa« 



1S39.] CAPIUIIE OF LOUISUURG. 47 

printed, and is one of tie best accounts of the entcrprize now extant. 
It exhibits more freely than any other, the religious feeling of those en- 
gaged in it. When they embarked, he tells us, their language to their 
friends, whom they were about leaving, was " pray for us, and we will 
fiorht for you. " After narrating the most remarkable events in the en- 
terprise, he closes his discourse in this somewhat extravagant lan- 
guage: "Let us rejoice not only in our own salvation — the salvation of 
all [our colonies, and some of the mo-st important branches of the 
British trade, but let our joy rise higher, that hereby ;i groat support of 
anti-christian power is taken away, and the visible kingdom of Christ 
enlarged. JVlethinks when the southern gates of Louisburg were 
opened, and t)ur army with their banners were marching in — the gates 
were lifted up and the king of glory went in with them. " 

Nor was this victory less acceptable to a great majority of the people 
of England. National pride as well as paternal sympathy prompted 
it. A gentleman, residing in England, wroie to his friend in Boston, 
under date July 17th, as follows: ' I hope the news of Cape Breton's 
being taKen will prove true. Mr. Kilby has represented your govern- 
ment in so favorable a light to the Court, that instead of beholding you 
with jealousy and contempt, as they once did ; it is almost as much as 
any man's character is worth to be an enemy to the present establish- 
lishment. You are now styled as the glorious New England men, 
who have not only releived and saved his Majesty's Government at 
Annapolis Royal, but have recoved out of the enemy's hands one of 
their strongest fortressess, and a place of the utmost consequence to 
the trade of the kingdom, as well as protection to the Northern Eng- 
lish colonies. 

The journals on both sides of the water were filled with compliments 
to the New Englanders. Their enterprise and skill were lauded, not 
only from the pulpit and in private circles, but from public associa- 
tions and institutions. Their bravery was the inspiring theme of all 
the poets of the day, who celebrated their virtues in a thousand patri- 
otic and national songs. Their enterprise gave new vigor to tlie war : 
on the oi.e hand by encouraging Great Britain, in connexion with the 
colonies, to attempt the entire conquest of Canada, and on the other, by 
inducing France to make more formidable preparations for defence. 

Notwithstanding this expression of joy among the people of England, 
yet the course pursued by thai Government, subsequently, did not do 
justice to the claims of New England. A policy began to be developed 
which eventually led to the Revolution, and which would have hast- 
ened that glorious peiiod thirty years, had the colonies been able to 



48 CAPTURE OF LonisBURO. » [Jufie, 

enforce their just claims. To some, the truth of this remark may be 
doubled, yet I think the history of the country proves conclusively, that 
the wrongs redressed in the Revolution had origin at a long period an- 
terior to the date of the " Stamp Act. '' They are seen in the re- 
strictions on our trade — in the suppression of our manufactures — in 
the declaration that the making of a hat or a pick-axe iri the colonies 
was a nuisance, and in the wish too often expressed in high places, to 
perpetuate French power in North America to keep the colonies in 
dependence on the mother country. 

It soon became apparent that every exertion was making to as- 
cribe all the glory of this victory to the fleet. Whether this was de- 
signed, as an excuse for not indemnifying the colonies for the expense, 
or arose from an unwillingness to acknowledge their services, or from 
an ignorance of ihem, it is difiicult to tell. The latter is the most chari- 
table construction ; and if we can judge from the deplorable ignorance 
of tiie real condition of the colonies, which existed at a subsequent 
period in England, this would appear the most probable. Their at- 
tempts were highly resisted in New England, and every means was 
taken to counteract them. Gov. Shirley, at the request of the General 
Court, repaired to Louisburg, and prepared an accurate account of 
the siege, which by their order was published. An agent was sent to 
England to represent their claims to that Government, and to obtain an 
indemnity. The feeling which existed in Massachusetts when it was 
reported what claims Warren made, will appear by an extract from a let- 
ter from Dr. Chauncey to Gen. Pepperill. He says, "it is highly resented 
by every New Englandman in Boston, that Mr. Warren shi)uld pretend 
to assume the Government of I.ouisburg. Your best friends wish 
that you had insisted on the pre-eminence due to you and the troops 
under your command, so as never to have given up the capitulation if 
it had not been conceeded to." 

Then follows his opinion of the right of an English naval officer 
over the fleet of the colonies. '' If the High Admiral of England," he 
continues, "had been there he would not have had the least right to 
command any where, but on his own ships " — a sentiment that was 
then universal in New England, and shows clearly what relation they 
supposed they sustained to the mother country. 

The efforts of Massachusetts in vindication of the honor of her troops 
were in some degree successful. General Pepperill received from the 
king the honor of knighthood. Parliament after the expiration of 
four years voted an indemnity to Massachusetts and New Hampshire 
uf ieSOOjOOO sterling. This was paid in silver and copper. Of the 



1839.] CAPTUKI': OF LOtHSnURG. ^41) 

silver, there were 215 chests, and 100 of coppor, all of which made 
twenty-seven cart loads. It afforded great relief to the Province, 
which had become completely exhausted, and was th^Ml delngnd with a 
loose depreciated paper currency. This rcmunerrttion, however ac- 
ceptable it proved, was not what the Provinces had a ri^jlit to expect. 
It fell far below the actual expense, which is said to have been about 
.£500,000 sterling, and was not more than one third of what the Eng- 
lish government actually received from the French taken at Louisburgh, 
a part of which came to those who were the real authors of the expedi- 
tion, and by whose bravery and skill, it proved successful. It came 
too, after a long solicitation, and in the form rather of a bounty than a 
payment of a jast debt — and not until the Provinces had had the morti- 
fication of seeing the fruits of this victory exchanged for the purchase 
of a place in Europe, and the only conquest in the whole, nor of any 
value, giving up to secure to the English Government her German pos- 
sessions. It came not till the interest of New England had been most 
shamefully disregarded ; and their old enemies had been permitted to 
get possession of Louisburgh again to prey upon their commerce and 
again to excite the savages to hostility. 

For all her sacrifices — for all her noble exertions in the cause of the 
British nation, this was the only remuneration New England received. 
Not an officer of the army, excepting the commander, received any 
mark of distinction from that government. Their only reward, and 
the best that a patriot can receive, was a conciousness of having done 
service to their country, and of having acquired renewed strength in 
the conflict for her defence. For nine years. New England had been 
engaged in the wars of Great Britain with Spain and France, daring 
which time she had lost in her various expeditions to Canada, Cape 
Breton, Carthagena, and the West Indies, seven thousand of her 
bravest sons ; she had contributed her wealth — loaded herself with an 
immense debt, and spared no sacrifices to promote the success and 
glory of the British arms. Yet, notwithstanding all this — notwithstand- 
ing her repeated remonstrances, she was left at the close of the war 
deprived of a territory, which she had by her own exertions twice con- 
quered, surrounded by the same enemies that she had once vanquish- 
ed, and exposed to a renewal of the same conflicts and trials through 
which she had so gloriously and trumphantly passed. 

In whatever view we regard the expedition to Louisburgh, whether 
as the work of a brave and patriotic people, or as constituting a new- 
era in the policy of the mother country towards the colonies, it is full 
of interest. The chief honor of it belongs to Massachusetts, and it 

. VOL. TI — IS 



/^ 



OO CAPTURE OF LOUISBURO. [JuHB, 



will ever form one of the brightest pages in her history- It was con- 
ceived and carried through with a spirit worthy the descendants of the 
Pilgrims — worthy a people whose whole existence has been one constant 
struggle for the mainienance of their rights, and worthy the ancestors 
of those who gave independence to this country. 

It was the work of a people whose loyalty to their King had never 
been shaken ; whose devotion to their country was their highest pos- 
session. It has lost none of its brilliancy by the lapse of nearly a cen- 
tury — the rapid succession of remarkable exploits which have since 
adorned our history — which have consecrated other grounds, and 
raised us from colonial vassalage to national independence. While we 
value this independence and respect those by whom it was achieved : 
while we feel a veneration for the fields where it was maintained, and 
the men, who fell in its defence, we shall never forget to render due 
honor to the Province Militia, who battered down the walls of Louis- 
burgh and drove the enemy from his strongest fortress. 



TO A BIRD. 



O first and sweetest of spring's early birds, 
Whose rapturous vvarblings quiver from yon spraVy 
What thoughts of joy, beyond all reach of words 
Gush with the voice that tunes thy fiery lay ! 
Hark, how the blissful language seems to say 
All happy tidings of new-spring flowers, 
Of nursing sunbeams niix'd with kindly showers 
And balmier airs to soothe the gladsome day, 
And all is glorious hope of summer nigh, — 
The hill-side broider'd seems with fresher charms. 
The breeze that quickens and the beam that warms 
Float with thy voice athwart the tranced sky ; — 
Sing on, glad prophet, woods and fields again 
And human hearts rejoicing hail thy strain. 



/l. 



Gy LuAvvf 



1839.] ,51 

ORATION 

Delivered uefoue the Philodemic Society of Georgetown Col- 
lege, ON the 63d Anniversary of American Independence, by 
Oliver A. Luckett, of Georgia. 

Gentlemen and Fellow-Students: Justice to my own feelings, 
independent of other considerations, would prompt me to express to 
you my deep sense of the honor your partiality has conferred. To dis- 
charge, however, in a satisfactory manner, the duty which has been 
imposed, is a task fraught with many and serious difiiculties. Others, 
who have preceded me in this honorable station have gleaned every thing 
which could please or instruct, l^hey have left no point untouched, no 
question unargued, no principle unexamined. Strengthened, however, 
by the consciousness that the welfare of your association has ever been 
with me a leading consideration, and cheered on by the approving 
looks of those who have honored us with their company, I proceed with 
pleasure and confidence to the performance of the task which your kind- 
ness has assigned me. 

The occasion which has assembled us here is one sanctified by cus- 
tom. It is the birth-day of Freedom. Tnroughout every portion of 
our wide, extended land, the watch-fires of patriotism have been rekin- 
dled. The recollection of scenes long since acted — of deeds long 
since performed, and of hardships long since endured, has gathered to- 
gether a miglity family of freemen, who, animated by a remembrance 
of the past, look forward with pleasure to the future. Such, Fellow- 
Students, was the manifestation of a people's gratitude years ago, such 
it is now, and such will it be, as long as that people shall reverence and 
respect the memories of their departed benefactors. The American 
Revolution, the result of which was the liberty of an entire nation, had 
its origin in principles co-eval with the free exercise of our natural and 
unquestionable rights. The spirit of religious persecution which had 
obtained a permanent footing in the mother country, lead to the accom- 
plishment of a bold and hazardous design. The position was assumed, 
that whenever the obstinacy ot Government comes in collision with 
opinions reached by the slow, but certain process of reflection, and 
most especially, when such obstinacy clashes with religious opinions, 
which it is calculated to subvert, it becomes the oppressed to throw aside 
considerations, which under different circumstances, might induce them 
to pursue a line of conduct j^wrc/y pacific, and adopt such measures, as 
in their judgment, may tend more directly to reach the object, which 



153 RATION. [June, 

tliey have in view. Such were the grounds taken with determination, 
and maintained with success, by our Pilgrim Fathers. Basing the 
justice of the step which was about to be adopted, upon the assump- 
tion that all civil governments are detrimental and injurious, which af- 
ford assistance to one portion of the governed by witlidrawing it from 
another, they carried into execution a project, grand in itself, and bene- 
ficial to society. The ocean with its waves rolling mountain high, pre- 
sented no terrors to them, — the furious tempests laden with death and 
<Jestruction intimidated them not ; for the soil which they claimed as 
their own, had discarded them, and the Government which they had 
often assisted in defending from imminent peril, was hurling against 
them the anathemas of its wrath and indignation. Sorrowful, but not 
discouraged, they left the land of their nativity, — bade adieu to friends 
and relatives, and severed the ties of connexion which bound them to 
Great Britain. The elements conspired to destroy them, but he who 
conducted the Israelites through the desert protected likewise thisexiled 
band of patriots from danger and destruction. They sustained themselves 
with christian fortitude, amidst the many difficulties which surrounded 
them, inspired mutual confidence by their example, and after a long and 
tedious voyage, landed at Plymouth, thankful to that Being who had 
attended them in adversity, who had encouraged them in prosperity, and 
who had fip/ally brought them to the spot of their destination. Honor- 
ed men! The brilliancy of your undertaking, and the success with 
which it was prosecuted, will immortalize your names, — and not until 
the fair fabric of human liberty shall have been crushed beneath the ir- 
resistible strides of time, will the claim which you have so justly acquired 
to our gratitude, be impaired. 

No sooner had the first settlers reached the western wilderness, than 
order sprang out of confusion. Industry and improvement changed 
the whole nature of things, and that which before was but the hunting 
ground of the savage, became the seat of commerce and enterprise. — 
The click of the hammer resounded where nought but the yell of the 
Indian, or the howl of the panther had been heard, — cities beautiful 
and magnificent, arose to mark the progress of civilization, — temples 
dedicated to the service of the living God, supplanted the savage wig- 
wam, and the unsophisticated child of the forest was taught to respect 
ceremonies^ the nature of which he could not understand. The prospe- 
rityof the settlers could not be concealed from England. They had emi- 
grated thence — they had left behind them their homes and friends; they 
delighted, therefore, to further the interests of the mother country, — to 
establish for her in the \vild^^ of America, a sure means by which she 



1839.] ORATION 153 

might be beneficed, and to receive in (urn the expression of Iter pleasure 
and approbation. Many were the bands of joyful individuals, who san- 
guine of emolument in the new world, took their leave of the old, and 
many were the obstacles which threatened to damp their energy and 
their spirits. Overcoming all, however, they established themselves 
permanently in the western hemisphere, — laid the foundation of a great 
and glorious system of Government, and secured to themselves the es 
teem and good will of many European powers. It should be borne in 
mind, that up to the passage of the Stamp Act, the colonies maintained 
the authority of the Crown on this side of the waters, and evinced at all 
times, a determination to defend the interests of Great Britain, even at 
the sacrifice of their own. The French war in America gave them an 
opportunity toexhibil their devotion. Burning with a love for the honor 
of their native soil, and infuriated by the audacity of their opponents, 
they united as one man, to repel the agression or die honorably in the 
attempt. We are all acquainted with the success which attended their 
arms. History has kept fresh upon her pages, the many hazards they ran, 
the many dangers they encountered, the many difficulties they overcame, 
in support of what was considered at that time to be, a claim founded 
in strict justice. In fact, it may be safely averred, that had they not 
seconded the movements, asserted the authority, and sustained the 
right of the British Govern inent, the case would have proved hopelesis., 
and France, whose capital had been entered by Henry V. of England 
would have remained mistress of the New World. 

But the time was fast approaching when the ties of consan<Tuinity 
were to be severed. The crisis was one of those replete willi interest 
to all, because in it, the welfare of all was involved. We will take a 
rapid glance at the causes which brought it about, and pass on to other 
subjects which demand our attention. The mother country (iu a spirit 
which reflects but little credit eit'icr upon her wisdom or humanity) 
jealous of the growing prosperity of thoso whom it should have been 
her delight to assist, and desirous of replenisliing her exhausted treasu- 
ry, by any means, however base and illegal, levied a heavy and enorm- 
ous tax, which was to be drawn from the pockets of the colonists. It 

seems that the question of power was confounded with that of ri^ht. 

The Ministry feigning a belief that the power to tax was not wanting, 
concluded that the right to do so, followed as a matter of course. But 
in this they were deceived. There is a vast — an immense, difference 
between the power to do a thing, and the right to exercise that power 
and this was maintained eloquently, but unsuccessfully, by Pitt, Burke 
and others of the English Parliament. The misguided Ministry, dead 



154 ORATION. [June, 

to every feeling of generosity, listened not to the voice of reason, but 
impelled and actuated by motives of selfishness, assumed a hostile and 
belligerant position. They thought tliat the Americans would yield to 
the mandate of Parliament; they believed that the colonists would tamely 
submit to any measure however f/e^rfia?mg. But, Gentlemen, thej were 
mistaken. Our patriotic sires foresaw, that, if the principle upon which 
Great Britain wished to tax them was once admitted, their liberty 
would be snatched from them — their property would be subjected to 
the jurisdiction of a foreign power, and they themselves would become 
the pliant tools of despotism. It was not the pecuniary loss which they 
dreaded, for by their industry they could remedy it, but it was the 
grounds upon which the tax was levied, that they resisted and finally 
overcame. It was the principle that they combatted, and with reason 
too, for had they once granted its validity or justice, their doom would 
have been sealed. All this our ancestors knew, and knowing it they 
were determined to take issue upon the point, to return protests for 
menaces, to present shield for shield, and man for man. When intelli- 
gence of the steps which had been taken by the British Ministry, reach- 
ed the venerable Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the greatest indig- 
nation was manifested by all. The young, and the old, the rich and 
the poor were equally affected. All plainly perceived, that a deadly 
blow had been aimed at their rights, — that the Government to which 
they were accustomed to look up for protection and assistance, had 
not only deserted them, but had attacked their dearest interests, and, 
as was to be expected, each individual resented the insult which had 
been levelled against millions. Nor were there wanting men whose 
knowledge of the point in question, gave to their sentiments and opin- 
ions due weight among the people. The Press labored under the bur- 
den of matter which was designed to present the subject in its true and 
real color. The whole talent of the country was called into action. — 
The most able and argumentative appeals were daily circulated, and their 
effect was in every manner flattering. Nor did eloquence exercise an 
inconsiderable influence. Orators, whose theme was liberty and its 
blessing, addressed the eager multitude, pointed out to them the nature 
of the contest about to be waged, and implored them to sacrifice every 
thing, rather than yield up one iota of the rights which they had se- 
cured in the face of insurmountable hardships and grievances. Poetry, 
too, contributed her assistance; the spirit breathed into the poetical ef- 
fusions of the day, gives evidence of the just detestation with which the 
schemes of tyranny were regarded, and demonstrates the high value 
which was placed upon freedom and its enjoyments. 



1839.] ORATION. 155 

The chain which had united England and her colonies was broken. 
The last hope of reconciliation liad passed away, and war was inevita- 
ble. The implements ot agriciilture were thrown aide, — opposition 
was proclaimed,— the mother country was defied to the combat, and 
her jurisdiction was boldly questioned. Lexington witnessed the first 
scene of contention. There the first blood flowed in defence of Ameri- 
can Liberty. The contest at Bunker's Hill followed shortly after. 
The people became encouraged, and placing their confidence in Heaven 
vowed enmity to their common foe. Virginia — the Lacedemon of 
America, came to the rescue of her sister colony. The House of Bur- 
gesses passed resolutions, condemnatory of the steps which the parent 
State had taken, and altogether favorable to a national revolt. Patrick 
Henry, the forest- born Demosthenes, roused his fellew-citizens to re- 
sistance, — animated the desponding, — encouraged the timid, and fired 
the souls of all with indignation and contempt for that power which 
would have made them slaves. This spirit was not limited to Massa- 
chusetts and Virginia. It spread with the rapidity of thought throughout 
every portion of the country, and every where was adopted the sterling 
motto "to do or die." Measures were speedily taken to meet the crisis. 
The colonial Congress assembled, and the result of their deliberations 
was the document you have just heard read. 

From that moment the aspect of affairs was purely warlike. There 
was a point at issue which involved the happiness and liberty of the 
colonies, and since peace could not be obtained by honorable means, 
they were determined not to purchase it by national degradation. The 
sword was made the arbiter, and the blessing of Heaven was invoked 
upon the side of justice, against tyranny and oppression. Need I tell 
you, Fellow-students, how nobly your forefathers conducted them- 
selves ; how ably they battled for the blessings which we now 
enjoy, and how successfully they terminated a contest, which had 
been waged upon the ground of principle? Need I point you to 
the battles which they fought— to the victories which they achieved — to 
the honors which they won, and to the benefits which they secured to 
themselves and their posterity? Need I speak to you of Lexington and 
Bunker's Hill — of the Brandywine and Saratoga — of Valley Forge and 
Yorktown? Need 1 tell you how your sires fought, and bled, and died, 
how they staked their lives, fortunes, and sacred honors upon the 
issue, — how they bared their bosoms to the shock of war, how they en- 
dured fatigue, overcame difficulties, and subdued the haughty spirit of 
a foe, that wished to bind them with the chnins of slavery? Your own 
knowledge of these things would seem loprccludc the necessity of my 



156 ORATION. [June, 

reheareing them, and yet the tale is one which can never tire. Suffice 
it to observe, that led ou by their Washington, under the approvinij 
smile of Heaven, they toiled amidst hardships which would have broken 
the energies of any other men, and finally, after a contest of seven years 
duration, obtained an acknowledgment of their independence, from 
that very nation which had hoped to crush them. 

Antiquity presents to our view the daring exploit of a Leonidas, vvh& 
with a chosen band of 300, drove back the armed myriads of mercena- 
ry slaves, but it was reserved for ihe historian of the 18th century, to re- 
cord the revolt and success of a few weak colonies against the mightiest 
power on the globe. When many of the kingdoms and empires 
which Btand at the present day, shall have been numbered with 
the things that were, and when the ravages of time shall have laid waste 
all that is beautiful and magnificent, the heroism of our fathers will 
continue fresh in the minds of mankind, and their bravery and valor will 
incite the oppressed of future times to strike for their freedom. Mil- 
lions yet unborn, — nations yet ungenerated, will meet years hence, as 
we do now, to commemorate the patriotism, expatiate upon the virtues, 
and eulogize the exploits of the sainted martyrs, who fell during the Ame- 
rican Revolution, Our own happy country may experience the effects 
of faction — that bane of all Governments — and her institutions which we 
delight to venerate, on account of their intrinsic worth, may pass down 
to the ignominous grave of oblivion, but the fame of our Fathers shall 
live after them, and their glory will be as imperishable, as their actions 
were honorable and beneficial. Of that heroic band who achieved our 
independence, how few alas! are there now amongst us. Here and there, 
perhaps, may be discovered some aged veteran, whose silvered locks and 
emaciated frame, indicate the workings of time, and who, like the forrest 
oak, which has weathered the shock of the tempest, stands as a monu- 
ment of former valor and greatness. One by one, have they silently 
departed to that "bourne, from which no traveller ever can return," and 
e're many years shall have gone by the last of the Spartan champions 
will be no more. No stone marks the spot where many of them lie; no 
monument tells of the place where their earthly remains have been 
deposited; no marble points to the urn which contains their ashes. 
Their deeds are green in the recollection of their countrymen, 
their actions are carved in indelible characters upon the hearts of free- 
men, and there they will ever remain, as long as time shall be. But 
there is a question connected with the surviving heroes of the Revolu- 
tion which cannot be passed over in silence. It has been asserted that 
the government which they were instrumental in establishing, has fail- 



Mt 



1S39.] ORATION. 157 

cd to provide for ihein the necessary means of subsistence.* We havo 
seen no refutation of this charge, and it is consequently entitled to our 
belief. And has it come to this, that the American Nation has left 
pennyless and breadless, the \'ew remaining men who poured out their 
blood like water for the rights and immunities which it is our good for- 
tune to possess? Where, let me ask, is that unbounded liberality 
wliich should characterize llie action of Republics in particular? Where 
is that manifestation of gratitude due to those especially, who quailed 
not beneath the terrors of contention, who stept forward in the hour of 
peril to battle for themselves and for posterity, and who finally suc- 
ceeded in emancipating millions. Let this matter be looked to. Let 
the protecting hand of Government be extended to the poor and needy 
of the Revolutionary champions who are yet amongst us; for as sure as 
we permit them to spend their few remaining years in poverty and want, 
as sure as we turn a deaf ear to their supplieations for aid and assist- 
ance, so sure shall we bring upon our own heads the just censure, the 
unequivocal and merited disapprobation of the whole civilized world. 
In our zeal to venerate the memories and laud the achievements of 
those of our own land who boldly girded on the sword of war, let us not 
forget the praiseworthy actions of foreign patriots who made common 
cause with us, in defence of principles, which have a co-existence with 
human liberty in every portion of the earth. Ireland, whose head has 
been bowed to tlie dust, and whose sources of wealth have been dried 
up by the avaricious and domineering spirit of England, afforded to the 
An*erican colonies the first martyr to trans-atlantic cruelly, who was 
willing, nay, anxious, to die; in defence of his adopted country. Mont- 
■gomery, burning with a desire to signalize himself in the contest wliich 
was going on between the mother country and her rebellious offspring, 
bade adieu to the pleasures of opulence, and came to abide with an un- 
known but generous-hearted people. His great skill in military opera- 
tions obtained for him the confidence, respect, and admiration of ail, 
and the heights of Abraham, which were watered by jiis blood, will 
ever stand as a monument of his unconquerable bravery. lie was truly 
a disinterested patriot. The cause of humanity found in him an abla 



•I nm under the impression that Congress has passed an net, providin;^ for th« 
Revolutionary heroes, whose claims can be satisfactorily established. Be tliis as it 
may, there are many disabled and n^ed men, who have bled for their country, and 
who are without pensions. The o9icers of the Government have, therefore failed !■ 
their duty, and the act of Congress hai not been carried into oparalion. 

VOL, II 19 



-iSS osATiON. [June, 

advocatp, and like the heroic Grecian who fell victos-ioaa in ihe arms of 

doath 

"He is Freedom's now and fame's, 
One of the few the immortal names, 
That, were not born to die." 

His bones are resting in the great emporium of America; — New York 
claims and enjoys the honor of containing all that is earthly of our na- 
tional benefactor. Let her forever pride herself upon it for it is a trea- 
sure richer and brighter by far than any which ambition or avarice could 
confer. Nor was Poland backward in furnishing champions, who 
battled valiantly, shoulder to shoulder with our Samplers, our Ma- 
rions, and our Greenes. Pulaski aad Kosciusko nobly volunteered to 
assist in winning (or a foreign nation, that liberty, which the strong 
arm of depotism had broken down in their own. They fought hand in 
hand with our own sires, underwent the same dangers, and overcame 
the same obstacles. It is not for us to question the purity o( their in- 
tentions. They were not contending for themselves, but for a people 
who only knew them in the history of their wrongs. They could not 
have looked, therefore, for personal aggrandizement. They were only 
desirous to establish for the oppressed of all climes, an asylum to which 
they might flee in time of danger and peril. How far they succeeded 
we leave it for the hardy band of foreigners who have penetrated the 
wilds of our Western domain, and who have made themselves opulent 
and happy; we leave it for them to answer. But there is another — into 
to mention whom would be sacriligious. He was a gallant stran- 
ger who left the blushing vineyards of his happy France. He was no 
mercenary, who followed war as a trade — who adored avarice as a God, ' 
and who sought to plunder for gain and emolument. He was a high- 
minded man, whom the oppression of a distant county fired with indig- 
nation. He burned with a holy desire to battle for the weak against 
the strong, and boldly planned the passage of the boisterous ocean, 
which rolled between him and the people whom he wished to assist. — 
Surrounded by companions youthful and buoyant, and sprung like him- 
self from an honored stock — courted by Kings and idolized by Courts — 
endowed with every accomplishment which could render life agreeable, 
he might have passed his days in the sunshine of peace and happiness; 
but all this he threw aside, preferring the tented field and its dangers, 
to royality and its pleasures. He came Fellow-students lo avert dan- 
ger from your rebellious ancestors. Nor did he arrive after the battle 
"had been fought and won." When he landed on our shores the 
dark cloud of uncertainty was hanging upon the minds of all, and the 



^v 



1839.] onATioN. 153 

9 outest hearts began to tremble with apprehensions for the fate of the 
Americans. He clothed the naked, fed the hungry, animated the des- 
ponding and gave a new course to the contest which was going on. — 
He stood amongst us during the long and doubtful struggle, was pre- 
sent at the closing scene of the Revolution, became an intimate friend 
of General Washington, was iiighly honored by Congress, and 
after the independence which he had assisted in securing, was 
established u;'on a permanent basis, he returned to his native 
country, in order to assist in quelling the disorders, which were 
shaking her to her very centre. Not many years ago he rc-visited the 
soil which had been wrested from the grasp of th-e invaders, partly by 
his own wonderful exertions. But he found us not as he had left us. — 
He found us a great and growing Republic, honored and respected by 
all the nations of the earth; he had left us an infant struggling against 
unnumbered dangers and difficulties. What must have been the feelings 
of this great and good man to witness the mighty changes which had 
been effected! Around him prosperity and happiness reigned. Here 
where immense i forests had stood to mock the energies of man, beau- 
tiful cities had sprung up, and there where the beasls of the wilderness 
had inhabited, commerce and agriculture were in successful operation. 
There was but one thing to mar the pleasure, which the occasion was 
calculated to produce. Lincoln and Greene, and Knox and Hamilton, 
his brothers in arms were not here to salute him. They had fallen be- 
fore the only enemy which they were unable to meet. All that was earth- 
ly of them had been gathered to the tomb, but their bright spirits were 
looking down from the abodes of happiness, upon the partaker of their 
troubles. Above all the father of his country was no more. The scythe 
of the reaper had mowed him down, and his ashes were resting in 
peace upon the banks of his own Potomac. The popular demonstra- 
tions of gratitude, however, consoled the Nation's guest for the absence 
of old and venerated friends. VVherever he went, wliatever portion of 
the land he visited, the deepest love and respect were manifested by all 
— the sons and daughters of those whose dangers he had shared, came 
forward to thank him, — the humblest as well as the highest extended to 
him the hand of hospitality, — the National Legislature were mindful 
of his past services, and the whole country from Maine to Louisiana, 
resounded with the grateful cry, "welcome, welcome La Fayette!" 

It becomes us particularly, on an occasion like the present, to take a 
view of the system of government under which we live, to examioe 
some of the means by whi«h it may subsist, to see some of the evilg by 
which it may be destroyed, and to glance at the existing stat^e of dur 



160 •HATioN. [June, 

country. The form of government which our ancestors succeeded in 
establishing, and which has been transmitted to us by their united wis- 
dom and courage, possesses qualities common to no other form upon the 
face of the globe. There may be, it is true, others which present exte- 
rior grandeur and magnificence, designed to dazzle and deceive but 
they will not bear the test of ligid scrutiny. Splendor is all they pos- 
sess. Real happiness, which it should be the end of every government 
to confer, can no where be discovered, and if wc tear away the veil 
which conceals interior deformities, we shall be struck with dismay, at 
the vice and corruption which will present itself to our view. The Re- 
publican system is calculated above all others, to bestow universal hap- 
piness and prosperity. It opens to all the doors which lead to wealth; 
it grants to all equal competition, it extends to all the same blessings, it 
holds out to all the same rewards, and prepares for all the same punish- 
ments. Since it places every citizen upon a i)erfect equality, in a po- 
litical point of view, and since it protects all in the enjoyment of their 
civil and religious rights, it cannot be otherwise than beneficial in its 
results. Republics, in the language of Mr. Hume,* are the nurseries 
of science. Monarchies are the hot-beds of ignorance; for in the for- 
mer, the mind is permittted to examine without restraint, every princi- 
ple which may impart efficacy or weakness, which may generate ruin- 
ous or beneficial consequences to Society; whilst in the latter, it is forced 
to act within a piescribed and limited sphere. But if Republics are 
thus happily the only governments where freedom in the full s(fnire of the 
word exists, they are also more subject than ony others to the out- 
breakings of passions, which in the end prove disastrous. Despotisms 
are seldom or ever endanger, d by the just fury of those whom they op- 
press. In fact, the tyranny which is practiced, bei.omes, as it were, 
natural to tliose, who feel its effects, and the efTurt required to throw it 
off, is considered in the light of a burdensome task, instead of a sacred 
and solemn duty. Believe me, one of the chief defences of a Republic 
is the education of its citizens. Education and oppression are diametri. 
cally opposed. It is not a matter of surprise, that some barbarous nations 
have yielded, without striking a single blow, or that others have bar- 
tered their liberty for gold. The reason is, they were untaught ; they 
could not appreciate the precious boon of freedom; they knew not the 
value of the treasure which was lost to them forever. Experience 
teaches us that a people must know their rights, before they will under- 
jSake to defend them. Education should therefore be a common blessing 

"See Hume's UniversRi History. 



1839.] ORATION. 161 

enjoyed by every one. All should be endowed, in particular, with a 
knowledge of their own coun try, — with a knowledge of the ground 
which it occupies,— with a know lege of the heriefits which it bestows, 
— with a knowledge of the character of those who framed il, and of 
those who have the direction of its affairs in their hands, — with a know- 
ledge of the importance which its success or failure will exercise upon 
the whole civilized world, — and most especially with a knowledge of 
its constitution and laws. Let all learn well the history of their own 
country, and afterwards, in order to have a due conception of the most 
salutary means by which its prosperity may be enhanced, let them drink 
deep from the fountain of antiquity. It is pleasing to see that all the 
States have taken a right view of the subject, and animated by the live- 
liest desires, have given to education its due weight and influence. All 
of them have, under the most flattering auspices, established what is 
termed the Common School fund, and many of them have taken the 
proper steps to introduce and encourage a love for the fine arts. This 
is as it should be; — it argues well for the judgment and wisdom of the 
State Legislatures, and is a pleasing earnest of future success. Inti- 
mately connected with education, there is another requisite, indispen- 
sable for the well-being of all Governments, but particularly that of Re- 
publics. That requisite is virtue. The frame of the State is like of the 
human, body, it requires certain operations for its increase and growth. 
Whenever the body becomes affected by disease, there is need of medi. 
cinal applicition, in order that it may be restored to its former sanity; 
thus Government needs to be cleansed from the multifarious evils 
which may seize upon it, in order that it may re-ocrupy the sta- 
tion of soundness and health — from which disease, — political disease, 
I mean, had thrown it. Luxury, avarice, and corruption, are the 
deadliest foes to law and justice. In their presence, patriotism be- 
comes unarmed, and truth looses her force and authoriiy. In their 
presence ambition revels with ungovernable fury ; public purity is 
contaminated, and private morals are defiled. Againj^t this host of 
dangers, virtue must be presented; her votaries should stand forth, 
and give to her precepts all the efficacy, of which they are possess- 
ed. Nor must these laudable exeriions be confined to the few. It 
is the bounden duly of every citizen, to promote the interests, ad- 
vance the prosperity, and further the happiness of his country. Let 
us not, Gentlemen, deceive ourselves. Let us not mistake the hec- 
tic flush of disease, for the ruby glow of sanity. The body politic 
may be seriously affected. It becomes us, therefore, to probe the 
around, to examine the complaint, and apply the remedy. Antiquity 



10"^ ORATION. [June, 

possessed not IpiU' ilie li^^lit upon this s^ubject as we do, and should 
we fail to prnlii l>y the lessons ofexpf^rience, the fnuh will most as- 
suredly rf^sl i]pf)n our own heads. The lime was, when every cili- 
Z'ti of Greece was happy in the consciousness that he had a country 
lo which he misfht address himself for protection, from which he 
niioht claim assistance as a matter of rij^rlit, and for the defence of 
which he would have toiled and died. Bui that time has gone. The 
d;iv of Grecian glory has passed by. Her poets have long since 
ceased to sing their strains of heroism and love. Her orators are 
mute and silent. With Demosthenes, as with the sons of Thebes, 
the glorv of his country fell to rise tio more, and the stranger who 
now visits her desolate ruins, is forced to shed the tear of sympathy 
and comniisseration. As long as she was united, foreign and do- 
mestic foes were harmless; but no sooner did division and sectional 
jealousy creep in, than she became a prey to commotions, which shat- 
tered to atoms the fabric of her greatness and her glory. The gold 
of the wiley Macedonian hastened the catastrophe, and bribery be- 
came as common in the declining state of the Republic, as justice 
had been universal in its brightest days of prosperity. It was in vain 
that eloquence raised its solemn voice, it was in vain that the shades 
of the immortal dead were invoked, it was in vain that the patriotism 
of the heroes of Marathon and Salamis was held up to incite the citi- 
zen to a performance of his duty. The warning language of pre- 
caution was lost upon the ignoble descendents of Aristides ; cor- 
ruption and vice had seized upon the bowels of the state; avarice 
and luxury had made inroads fearful and astounding ; the fate of re- 
publican Greece was sealed. She is now only known, as when she 
existed — the cradle of she arts and sciences, for like the country* 
whence she drew the origin of her fame and renown, she has been 
blotted from the catalogue of great nations. Athens, where a Socra- 
tes and a Plato reasoned on immortality, has been crushed, her spe- 
cimens of genius and talent have fallen beneath the ravages of the bar- 
barian ; her monuments of splendour have been broken down, and 
like the Babylon of old, her temples will become the hiding places of 
reptiles and the den of wolves. 

And where is Rome, the imperial city of the Csesars ? Where are 
her heroes and her patriots ? where her temples and her fanes 1 where 
her poets and her orators ? Unarmed by the influence of gold, her 
citizens bowed with ari oriental devotion at the shrine of avarice, and 



• Egypt. 



1839. J ORATiow. IC;^ 

bartered away, for perishable lucre, their privileges as men. The 
sturdy spirit of Roman liberty became extinguished : and with the 
immortal Cicero, it may be said, the freedom of his cf)uiitry was bu- 
ried. Her triumphal arches have fallen. The exploits of her Africani 
and Cincinnati have been forgotten ; and the famous sentiment, " Sum 
civis Romanus" has lost its magic influence and importance. The 
introduction of luxury nnd corruption from the Kast, wrought tiiis 
wonderful change ;t and the mistress of the world fell, disgraced and 
degraded, under the weight of her own crimes, vice, and iniquity. 

Let us pause and consiiler. What has happmed at one period,^ 
will, under similar circumstances, happen again. If Greece and Rome, 
of ancient, and Venice, of modern date, were brought to ignominious 
ends through the influence of faction and corruption, may not we, whose 
institutions are but their's remoddelled, be subjected to the same fate; 
and may not our Government be reduced to the sime calamities ? 
This is a question which every citizen should propose to himself, for 
at a season like the present, when our horizon is obscured by lowering 
clouds, consequences of a dark and inauspicious character are greatly 
to be apprehended. That many and aggravated evils are stalking fortli 
barefaced in the land, corrupting the fountains of justice, and over- 
leaping the barriers of the law, cannot be questioned. Our own expe- 
rience would convince us of the fact. Some check must then be inter- 
posed. True wisdom dictates — patriotism demands it; and, believe 
me, no better could be devised than that which public opinion, based 
upon the grounds of harmony and reconciliation, can establish ; for, 
as our government is a popular one, its success depends entirely uponr 
the actions of the people, Wi?e decrees should be enacted — just 
laws should be passed — vice should be hooted down — virtue and edu- 
cation should be promoted ; and the highest ambition of every Ameri- 
can should be, not how his own private ends might be reached with the 
greatest emolument to himself, but how his country might be served — • 
how her institutions might be protected, and how the example and pre- 
cepts of our forefathers might be followed and practised in the spirit 
of true fidelity. As to our present condition, almost every prospect, 
in a national point of view, is cheering. The resources of our lands 
are inexhaustable — the spirit of our citizens i-? unconquerable — enter- 
prise has annihilated space, and the most distant portions of the Union 
have been brought within a few days journey of each other 

■f See T^'tlrr's ruiTorsal Ristnry- 



1C4 oK.VTiox. [June, 

What was said of Classic Greece by the sweetest poet that ever sung, 
may with propriety be applied to Republican America— yes, 

"She'll be a watchword to the earth, 
When man would do a deed of worth ; 
He'll point to her and turn to tread 
So sanctioned, on the tyrant's head ; 
He'll look to her, and then rush on, 
Where life is lost and freedom won.'* 

There is one question, however, and but one, which can change the 
whole nature of things, and sever the bond by which the several members 
of our confederacy are united. That question is the abolition of slavery 
in the Southern States. The terrors of the tariff have passed away — 
the days of nullification have gone by, and no other cause of excite- 
ment exists but that which hns been mentioned. A single glance at 
facts will convince us as to the nature of the point in dispute. Long 
before the Revolution broke out, domestic slavery had acquired a per- 
manent footing in the British Colonies of North America. It had been 
introduced by foreigners; the crintie of its existence, therefore, (if it 
be crime) cannot be chargeable to our ancestors. The slave popula- 
tion increased, and the utility and necessity of the institution were 
clearly perceived and admitted by all, when our Constitution was adop- 
ted. The framers of that celebrated instrument, seeing the difficul- 
ties which would arise from any action on their part, wisely determined 
to leave the question of emancipation with the Stales wheie slavery 
existed. This, they presumed, was the best possible step whjch could 
be takfn, inasmuch as the property owned by citizens of the Slates 
could only i)e subjected to the jurisdiction of State legislation. Had 
a different line of conduct been pursued, there would have been estab- 
lished instantaneously, a point involving the powers of the General 
Government as head, and of the several States as members. This was 
plainly perceived by our wise and sagacious ancestors, and was pru- 
dently guarded against by them. When our Government went into 
practical operation, many of the States known at present as non-slave- 
holding, were slave-holding Stales. The decision of the question of 
nboliiion was one which rested with themselves. They have decided 
as best suited their inclination and policy, nor can they accuse others 
of having dictated to them while in the act of making that decision. 
It seems, however, that the golden maxim is to be disregarded in these 
days of genuine patriotism, A certain section of this Union is now 
to be dictated to — Congress is to be petitioned — inflammatory appeals 
are to be made, and for what? That the flame of civil discord may 



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